In this work we will combine two important notions for the argumentation community into Abstract Argumentation Frameworks (AFs). These notions correspond to Toulmin’s backings and Pollock’s undercutting defeaters. We will define Backing-Undercutting Argumentation Frameworks (BUAFs), an extension of AFs that includes a specialized support relation, a distinction between different attack types, a...

Public discussion and debate concerning legal, ethical, philosophical, and emotional aspects of death and dying have slowly gained prominence over the past decade. However, parallel discussions among physicians regarding their perspectives toward their dying patients have remained more subdued and less visible, repressed within a culture of hi-tech medical care that often perceives patient deat...

in the present century, which is the age of rapid growth of technology and knowledge, in addition to the development of formal teaching, increasing attention has been paid to distant education by various organizations and societies. this paper is a report of a research entitled “a study of the success and obstacles of distant education services project of khorassan province literacy organizatio...

Is Europe a train on track, moving from past to future, pulled by an engine called development, or rather, sustainable development (to be politically correct)? Are there no sidings or optional routes? Is the speed of this train accelerating? Is the engine driver however facing squarely ahead, concentrating solely on the future within the narrow scope of his floodlights, and thus ignoring the pa...