Let G and H be graphs. A substitution of H in G instead of a vertex v 2 V (G) is the graph G(v ! H), which consists of disjoint union of H and G ? v with the additional edge-set fxy : x 2 V (H); y 2 N G (v)g. For a hereditary class of graphs P, the substitutional closure of P is deened as the class P consisting of all graphs which can be obtained from graphs in P by repeated substitutions. Let ...

A space $Y$ is called an {em extension} of a space $X$, if $Y$ contains $X$ as a dense subspace. Two extensions of $X$ are said to be {em equivalent}, if there is a homeomorphism between them which fixes $X$ point-wise. For two (equivalence classes of) extensions $Y$ and $Y'$ of $X$ let $Yleq Y'$, if there is a continuous function of $Y'$ into $Y$ which fixes $X$ point-wise. An extension $Y$ ...