the phoneme /l/ is one of the phonemes of persian, which has different origins. a few of which is unknown. this article studies the historical change of /l/ phoneme and phonemes and clusters which are the origins of /l/, from proto indo- european to indo- iranian, old iranian and middle and new persian. in adition, the historical change of other phonems such as group of consonants , which are o...

Proto-Indo-European Lexicon (PIE Lexicon) is the generative etymological dictionary of Indo-European languages. The reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is obtained by applying the comparative method, the output of which equals the Indo-European (IE) data. Due to this the Indo-European sound laws leading from PIE to IE, revised in Pyysalo 2013, can be coded using Finite-State Transducers...

avesta is the oldest written text remained and extant from iranian old languages. it comprises of a collection of thousands of words and expressions covering almost all fields of religion and the culture of ancient human beings. with regard to what is left of avesta, the contents of the twenty-one nasks (“books”) remained from the sasanian period, and the documents existing in other books perti...

In this century two great discoveries have shaken our view of the Indo—European family tree and protolanguage. The first was the discovery of Hittite, which in turn revealed the existence of an Anatolian branch of Indo—European; the second was the discovery in Central Asia of languages belonging to the previously unknown Tocharian branch of the family. Yet as important as these are, they are no...

We apply to the task of linguistic phylogenetic inference a successful cognate identification learning model based on PAM-like matrices. We train our system and we employ the learned parameters for measuring the lexical distance between languages. We estimate phylogenetic trees using distancebased methods on an Indo-European database. Our results reproduce correctly all the established major la...

Researchers interested in the history of the Indo-European family of languages have used a variety of methods to estimate the phylogeny of the family, and have obtained widely differing results. In this paper we explore the reconstructions of the Indo-European phylogeny obtained by using the major phylogeny estimation procedures on an existing database of 336 characters (including lexical, phon...