Research has shown that obesity increases the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (Type DM) by promoting insulin resistance, serum estrogen levels upregulation of aromatase, and promotes release reactive oxygen species (ROS) macrophages. Increased circulating glucose been to activate mammalian target rapamycin (mTOR), a significant signaling pathway in breast cancer pathogenesis. Estrogen plays a...

Estrogen has pleiotropic effects on the cardiovascular system. The mechanisms by which estrogen confers these pleiotropic effects are undergoing active investigation. Until a decade ago, all estrogen signaling was thought to occur by estrogen binding to nuclear estrogen receptors (estrogen receptor-α and estrogen receptor-β), which bind to DNA and function as ligand-activated transcription fact...

Estrogen-responsive endometrial cancer (EC) is prevalent in uterine cancer. Its precise molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated partly because of limited availability estrogen-sensitive EC models recapitulating clinical pathophysiology. We previously established patient-derived cell (EC-PDC) spheroid culture with high expression estrogen receptor α (ERα). Using this EC-PDC, we study the tr...

Abstract Estrogen, the major female sex hormone has been linked with immune response disparity between males and females. However, exact mechanism by which estrogen impacts our ability to fight viral infection development of immunologic memory remains unknown. CD8 T cells represent primary protective against viruses cancer. Here we aim understand how cell mediated antiviral is regulated estroge...

The PI3K/Akt/mTOR is a key signaling system that binds oncogenes and various receptors to many cell functions, promotes estrogen resistance, the most frequently activated pathway in malignant neoplasm, including breast cancer (BC). About 70 % of BC hormone‑receptor positive endocrine therapy main component treatment for patients. Tamoxifen remains one basic drugs adjuvant estrogen‑positive Howe...

Estrogen receptor (ER) signaling is a critical regulator of cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival in breast cancer (BC) other hormone-sensitive cancers. In this review, we explore the mechanism ER-dependent downstream BC role estrogens as growth factors necessary for invasion dissemination. The significance clinical implications ER BC, including potential endocrine therapies that ta...