according to a basic prediction made by the revised hierarchical model (rhm,kroll & stewart, 1994), there is no l2 conceptual connection at the beginning stages of language learning as l2 learners mostly rely on l1 conceptual connections to retrieve the meaning of the l2 words.with increasing proficiency, however, there would be a direct access from l2 to the conceptual system. available litera...

Consumers’ prior experiences shape an episodic memory which largely influences their decision-making process. This episodic memory is mainly linked to cognitive and emotional perception and we know that a brand image influences our cognitive and emotional perception. Nevertheless, it has not been well described how autobiographical memories of brand images differ from those of other types of im...

A common assertion is that semantic memory emerges from episodic memory, shedding the distinctive contexts associated with episodes over time and/or repeated instances. Some semantic concepts, however, may retain their episodic origins or acquire episodic information during life experiences. The current study examined this hypothesis by investigating the ERP correlates of autobiographically sig...

The event-related brain potential (ERP) was used to spatially and temporally map the brain areas active as a function of type of recall (semantic vs. episodic) and episodic retrieval mode (recall vs. recognition) while difficulty of episodic recall was manipulated. ERPs were recorded from 32 scalp sites in 12 subjects, along with behavioral accuracy and recall speed. The results revealed that d...

Two experiments explored the attention and memory processes governing sensorimotor skill. Experiment 1 compared novice and experienced golf putting performance in single-task (putting in isolation) and dual-task conditions (putting while performing an auditory word search task). At specific intervals, participants also produced episodic descriptions of specific putts. Experiment 2 assessed novi...

BACKGROUND Alcoholism affects various cognitive processes, including components of memory. Metamemory, though of particular interest for patient treatment, has not yet been extensively investigated. METHODS  A feeling-of-knowing (FOK) measure of metamemory was administered to 28 alcoholic patients and 28 healthy controls during an episodic memory task including the learning of 20 pairs of ite...

Episodic memory refers to the recollection of a representation that binds together into a unique past experience "what" happened, "where" and "when". Sleep has been identified as a state that optimizes the consolidation of newly acquired memory. To determine if sleep is important for the consolidation of episodic-like memory, we tested rats on an episodic-like memory task requiring the binding ...