Bicyclists and transportation professionals would do better to decline advice drawn from characteristically epidemiological studies. The faults of epidemiology are both accidental (unpreparedness for the task) and essential (unsuitability of the methods). Characteristically epidemiological methods are known to be error-prone, and when applied to bicycle transportation suffer from diversion bias...

INTRODUCTION Raw seafood consumption has frequently been linked to gastroenteritis and Norovirus is a common cause. In February and March 2010, there was an increase cases of gastroenteritis on the remote island of Agios Efstratios in the Northern Aegean Sea, Greece. A massive increase in seafood consumption associated with a religious festival a few days prior to the outbreak suggested seafood...

Confounding should always be addressed in studies concerned with causality. When present, it results in a biased estimate of the effect of exposure on disease. The bias can be negative—resulting in underestimation of the exposure effect—or positive, and can even reverse the apparent direction of effect. It is a concern no matter what the design of the study or what statistic is used to measure ...

We are all living in the era of globalization and, like it or not, it is going to change the way we practise epidemiology, the kinds of questions we ask and the methods we use to answer them. However, the methods, and ways of thinking about the health of populations, that will be required for epidemiology in the 21st century are in some instances quite different from the standard epidemiologica...

background: it is introduced that unintentional childhood poisoning can be as result of child home environment and characteristics of parents. this study aimed at quantifying the adjusted population attributable risk percentage of risk factor of unintentional childhood poisoning.  materials and methods: the hospital based case- control included 140 consecutive poisoned children who admitted to ...

The Physician Payment Review Commission has examined the potential of profiling physician practice patPR. Lee and A.B. Bindman, Institute for Healty Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco. P.R. Lee, D.W. Shapiro and R.D. Lasker, Physician Payment Review Commission. A.B. Bindman, Division of General Internal Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital. terns within the context oi c...

background: maternal mortality ratio (mmr) is one of the main indicators of the millennium development goals and its accurate estimation is very important for the countries concerned. the objective of this study is to evaluate the applicability of capture‑recapture (crc) as an analytical method to estimate mmr in countries. methods: we used the crc method to estimate mmr in iran for 2004 and 20...

AIMS This paper presents examples to illustrate the utility and limitations in the use of epidemiology in alcohol research and discusses some promising new directions. METHODS Review of literature, concentrating on epidemiological alcohol research with relevance to public health. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION Epidemiology offers tools for assessment of causes and effects of alcohol consumption as...