introduction: in the present research, the effect of morphine consumption during pregnancy on the development of the embryo’s spinal cord was studied in wistar rat. methods: female wistar rats (wt: 250-300 g) were mated with males. the test group received morphine (0.01 mg/ml) in their drinking water. pregnant rats were later killed with chloroform on the 12th, 13th and 14th days of pregnancy, ...

mirizzi’s syndrome is a rare complication of gallstone disease , that gallbladder lumen can lie alongside the common hepatic duct, resulting in inflamation and resultan bile duct stricture . most cases are not indentified preoperatively. variations of the cystic duct and its point of :union: with the common hepatic duct are surgically important . here, we present an unusual case of type i miriz...

thoracic duct is a duct that drains the lymph from the cisterna chily into the venous angle of the cranial vena vava. thoracic duct in the horse is situated on the right side, but in rare cases the left thoracic duct has been reported. in this report the course and left position of the thoracic duct in an embalmed donkey is described. regarding many anatomical similarities between horse and don...

Anatomic variations in forensic extrahepatic bile ducts is common. Knowledge of extrahepatic bile duct variations is important for surgeons in order to prevent iatrogenic damage during surgery. This study aims to determine the variations in extrahepatic bile ducts among 150 cadavers located at the Kerman Medicine Organization. We performed autopsies on 150 cadavers. Bile ducts were exposed an...

background : the application of ventilation systems in industries and workplaces is with the aim of improving environmental conditions for employees. the lack of appropriate ventilation system components design and control methods result in the production of sound and vibration in most components. the purpose of this study was to determine the role of the pad isolator in controlling vibration a...

aim : to assess the complications of bile duct injury in laparoscopic cholecystectomy in loghman medical center, tehran. background : the incidence of complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy has increased dramatically since the introduction and widespread use of laparoscopic cholecystectomy.  patients and methods : from january 1998 to january 2002, a total of 155 laparoscopic cholecystec...

Background: Persistent thyroglossal duct leads to a fibrous cyst formation named thyroglossal cyst which is the most common form of congenital cyst and usually located in the midline neck below the hyoid bone. Rarely the thyroglossal cyst is associated with thyroid cancer. Although the Sistrunk procedure is often considered adequate, currently there is no clear consensus on the optimal manageme...

introduction extra-hepatic bile duct injuries in children following blunt abdominal trauma are rare; early diagnosis and treatment are imperative for a good outcome. the purpose of this report is to describe the management of problems encountered in children with bile duct injuries following blunt abdominal trauma. case presentation a three year-old girl presented with obstructive jaundice and ...

purpose: to evaluate the effect of stenosis nature on success of silicone intubation for nasosolacrimal duct stenosis (nlds) in adults (patent nasolacrimal duct with resistance to positive-pressure irrigation) methods: an interventional case series of consecutive monocanalicular and bicanalicular silicone intubation for nasolacrimal duct stenosis in adults were reviewed. the severity of the ste...

purpose:  to determine the safety and efficacy of mitomycin-c injection into the lacrimal duct for treatment of partial nasolacrimal duct obstruction in adults. method: this is a before-after clinical trial performed on 20 patients with partial primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction. we injected 1.5 ml of mitomycin-c 0.2 mg/ml into the lacrimal duct and repeated it with concentration of...