despite several authors having studied the strategic approach to environmental orientation and,considering that environmental proactivity is emerging in business strategy, it still remains unclear which realactions influence a firm’s environmental orientation. an empirical analysis of a sample of 126 spanish companies shows that firms’ actions are explained as training, information and divulgat...

despite several authors having studied the strategic approach to environmental orientation and,considering that environmental proactivity is emerging in business strategy, it still remains unclear which realactions influence a firm’s environmental orientation. an empirical analysis of a sample of 126 spanish companies shows that firms’ actions are explained as training, information and divulgat...

Combining the perspectives of upper echelon theory and institutional theory, we investigate how top managers’ sport experience exploits corporate environmental proactivity in China embed this question into state ownership. With sample Chinese listing enterprises from 2008 to 2018, find that both ownership positively promote proactivity, while crowds out promotion experience. Further analyses sh...

The emerging importance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), has led to increasing interest in recent years about how to improve their performance. Therefore, to improve SMEs’ performance, we define proactivity as an essential factor that enables a company to anticipate change, to have the desire to make a change, and to create that change in our research framework. We also suppose tha...