The ideals of the eighteenth century’s Age of Enlightenment are the foundation of modern democracies. The era was characterized by thinkers who promoted progressive social reforms that opposed the long-established aristocracies and monarchies of the time. Prominent examples of such reforms include the establishment of inalienable human rights, selfgoverning republics, and market capitalism. Twe...

Beginnings C hristian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann was born in 1755 in Meissen, a town near Leipzig, Germany. His father, a porcelain painter, was influenced by the Enlightenment and strived for the best education for his children. He wanted his children to become Selbstdenker (self-thinkers). Samuel Hahnemann became an inquisitive student, who provided for himself as a translator. From his trans...

Modern brutality, which found its culmination in using weapons of mass destruction (WMD) against humanity, is the dark side of the principal teachings of the Enlightenment. The great thinkers of the Enlightenment, blaming religion as the main source of violence, removed God from the center of Western political and social thought to replace it with human. Although they were not conscious of the ...

Enlightenment, the german philosopher immanuel Kant (1724–1804) surmised, is Man’s emergence from self-imposed immaturity. From the ancient greeks and the philosophers of the roman republic, to the thinkers of the European Enlightenment and the great scientists of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, philosophers and scientists have used science and reason to fight the superstitious belief t...

thinkers, the "science of man" meant exactly that and did not include women; and that "nature" provided the foundation of difference, not its erasure. Additional exploration of the meaning of "science" is provided by Phillip Sloan in his magisterial essay on the natural history of man. He concentrates on Linnaeus and Buffon, practising scientists with very different views of what constituted hu...

modernity is a reality that formed in framework of the enlightenment movement and histo-cultural context of west european countries as an internal process. because of the disseminating nature of modernity, its waves spread across the non-western countries. this article focuses on the outcomes of imported modernity in intellectual level of the non-western countries. for analyzing this topic, rus...

By title, Lester King's latest book would appear to complement a work which he published in 1970, The road to medical enlightenment, 1650-1695. In that earlier monograph he examined a number of seventeenth-century physicians and scientists-Boyle, van Helmont, Sydenham, Sylvius, Hooke-whose philosophies were seen to culminate in the eclectic synthesis of Friedrich Hoffmann. Although he never exp...

this essay intends to show critical abilities of m. foucault's thought. it purposes that assertion to structural and relativistic narratives of foucault's thought, and interpration of it on heidegger, prevents to see critical aspects and critical thought project of foucault. the essay argues that in regard to critical thought, and out of limits of previous critical theory, foucault, w...

The paper describes in detail economic and cultural premises for the emergence of “Enlightenment project” European countries, stages, options development project, its impact on international relations during colonial period. also provides examples Eastern societies that have generated quite successful models, which, nevertheless, could not resist military, ideological expansion Western which pl...

it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.” The point he was making was that his own contribution to knowledge would not have been possible without those of his intellectual predecessors. Likewise, contemporary cultural theory has been made possible by significant earlier work. Coming to an understanding of this foundation is therefore a step of great importance. While we could begin this pr...