purpose: to report a patient with exotropia due to medial rectus muscle entrapment as a complication of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (edcr). case report: a 34-year-old female was referred with left exotropia 18 days after edcr for treatment of primary nasolacrimal duct obstruction. she had a large angle left exotropia in primary position as well as complete limitation of adduction and parti...

juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (jna) is a rare, benign and locally invasive tumor. massive bleeding because of vascularity of tumor and postoperative recurrence are potential problems of management. endonasal approach reduces the rate of postoperative recurrence, intraoperative bleeding, and complications of surgery, time of operation and duration of hospitalization. in this article, we r...

gastric varices (gv) are responsible for 10-30% of all variceal  hemorrhage. however, they tend to bleed more severely with higher mortality. around 35-90% rebleed after spontaneous hemostasis. approximately 50% of patients with cirrhosis of liver harbor  gastroesophageal varices. in this review, new treatment modalities in the form of endoscopic treatment options and interventional radiologica...

introduction and aims: prior investigators have proposed microlithiasis as a causative factor for occult gallbladder diseases. endoscopic ultrasonography (eus) is potentially far more sensitive than transabdominal ultrasonography (tus) in visualizing small stones. the aim of this study was to investigate the role of endoscopic ultrasounography (eus) in the diagnosis of microlithiasis in patient...

background: percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (peg) is the standard method for enteral feeding in patients predicted to require long-term enteral nutrition because of dysphagia. the aim of this study was to assess the complications of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy performed using the pull technique. methods: between january 2011 and december 2011, 74 patients underwent percutaneous endo...

we report a rare case of congenital foregut cysts (esophageal bronchogenic cyst) in a young woman with history of long term dysphagia. she presented with dysphagia and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed bulge submucosal lesion in the distal of the esophagus. endoscopic ultrasound showed a 3×3 cm cystic lesion suggestive for esophageal duplication or bronchogenic cyst. computed tomography o...

Introduction: Determination of type and location of trapped objects and endoscopic observations among children with foreign-body ingestion. Materials and Methods: We evaluated 105 endoscopic records of patients presenting with foreign-body ingestion from 2001–2011. Results: Button batteries were the most common objects removed (41%). The lower segment of the esophagus was the most common trappi...

Inverted papillomas of the nose and paranasal sinuses are uncommon neoplasms, characterized by their tendency to occur and by their association with malignancy. In the past decade there has been a trend toward the use of endoscopic surgical techniques in the management of these tumors. This article presents the results of a prospective study of24 patients with inverted papilloma resected by...

in recent decades, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy ( peg), has changed feeding and care of patients who can not feed orally. this outpatient procedure is done in most of the endoscopy wards and provides care, nutrition and medications for these patients outside the hospital. peg has rare complications and significantly reduces the cost of care and treatment .with invention of this procedure...

introduction: to reduce incidence of residual cholesteatoma following ear surgery; and to reduce the need for second look “open” mastoidectomy using endoscopic mastoidotomy. ten-year retrospective chart review of 249 primary cholesteatoma cases (1994-2004) with a minimum follow-up of two years.  the first objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of otoendoscopy in reducing the incidence of “...