INTRODUCTION Emergency medical technician (EMT) or paramedic (EMTP) certification requirements for flight nurses (FNs) providing on-scene patient care vary. We surveyed those requirements and evaluated the relationships between flight team composition or program location and FN EMS certification. METHODS Telephone survey of all 184 rotor-wing programs responding with a nurse to scenes RESUL...

OBJECTIVE To investigate in a military setting the potential role of intrinsic biomechanical and anthropometric risk factors for, and the incidence of, exertional medial tibial pain (EMTP). METHODS A prospective clinical outcome study in a cohort of 122 men and 36 women at the Australian Defence Force Academy. Each cadet underwent measurements of seven intrinsic variables: hip range of motion...

This paper presents an equivalent circuit model based on piecewise linear parallel branches (PLPB) to study solar cell modules which are partially shaded. The PLPB model can easily be used in circuit simulation software such as the ElectroMagnetic Transients Program (EMTP). This PLPB model allows the user to simulate several different configurations of solar cells, the influence of partial shad...

A triggered-lightning experiment and EMTP modeling of that experiment are used to study the responses of a twoconductor overhead power line to a direct lightning strike. The experiment was conducted at the International Center for Lightning Research and Testing (ICLRT) at Camp Blanding, FL. The lightning was artificially initiated (triggered) from a natural thundercloud using the rocket-and-wir...

The Electromagnetic transients progr am and its variants all use the “trapezoidal rule” numerical integration method. The trapezoidal rule is a second order numerical integration technique that is simple to implement. However, it is also susceptible to numerical oscillations when differentiat ing step changes in voltage and current. The program user should be aware of the potential for these os...

This paper presents the development of a new time domain simulation program for the computation of machine and network transients over a wide frequency spectrum. The program uses the extensive capability for the detailed representation of, and the computation of electromagnetic transients on, the power system network available in the BPA Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP). The model of t...

Switching of disconnectors (DS) and various faults in Gas Insulated Substation (GIS) causes number of pre-strikes and re-strikes happens. The short duration voltage collapse, traveling surges in busbar causes Very Fast Transient Over voltages (VFTO) and Very fast Transient Currents (VFTC) in the GIS substation. The main challenge is to reduce VFTO and VFTC amplitudes. Several methods have been ...

Electromagnetic transient simulation and electromechanical transient simulation are two distinct types of simulators, based on different modeling techniques. EMTP comprises a three-phase simulation engine which can accommodate phase unbalance and waveform distortion. TSP produces phasor solutions, usually only positive sequence, in the time domain. This paper presents a hybrid simulator, based ...

We have, within the framework of the molecular mechanics method SIBFA, improved the formulation of the Coulomb (electrostatic) energy contribution to the intermolecular interaction energy. This was done by integrating "overlap-like" terms into two components of the multipolar development used to calculate this contribution in SIBFA. The calibration of the new component is done on five water dim...