Francisella tularensis is a gram-negative coccobacillus and the etiologic agent of the zoonotic disease tularemia. First described in 1911 in Tulare County, California, it has since been reported throughout the Northern Hemisphere, with natural infections reported among an unusually wide range of vertebrates and invertebrates. In recent years, tularemia has emerged in new geographic locations, ...

Predictions of emergent phenomena, appearing on the macroscopic layer a complex system, can fail if they are made by microscopic model. This study demonstrates and analyses this claim well-known Conway’s Game Life. Straightforward mean-field models easily capable predicting such properties after have been fitted to simulation data in an after-the-fact way. Thus, these predictions macro-to-macro...

background: fasciolosis is an important health and veterinary problem in iran. the epidemiological pattern of disease has been changed markedly in recent years and there are regions that have potent capacity to be new focus of the disease.  one of these areas is yasuj district in southwest of iran where animal fasciolosis has been quite common. the current study was conducted to determine the s...

abstract emergence agitation that has been first described by eckenhoff et al. in 1960’s is a dissociated state of consciousness in which the child is inconsolable, irritable, uncooperative, typically thrashing, crying, moaning or incoherent. it is also a common problem in pediatric postanesthetic care unit with an incidence ranging from 10 to 80%. this literature review focused on presence of ...

Despite its current popularity, “emergence” is a concept with a venerable history and an elusive, ambiguous standing in contemporary evolutionary theory. This chapter briefly recounts the history of the term and details some of its current usages. Not only are there radically varying interpretations about how to define emergence but “reductionist” and “holistic” theorists hold very different vi...