today’s civil law faced new challenges and situations for protecting human in role of consumer and also attention to industrial life growing made new branch of law called consumer law that have some positive result in all economic, social and political aspects like increasing household income, reduce conflict and tension between buyer and seller in society and increased public participation i...

Iran-China relations are deeply rooted in history and have been enhanced recently with bilateral cooperation in the areas of energy, arms sales, trade, political cooperation and cultural ties. The objective of this paper is to analyze the role of international outsourcing in form of trading intermediate products on bilateral trade relations between Iran and China. As an empirical work, we h...

civil liability in electronic communications is one the most important issues of information and communications technology (ict) law. civil liability may be arisen from different causes such as copyright and trade mark infringement invasion of privacy and defamation. when discussing civil liability, two different civil liability systems may be considered: direct and indirect civil liability. in...

by the explosive growth of b2b e-commerce transactions in international supply chains and the rapid increase of business documents in iran’s cross-border trading, effective management of trade processes over borders is vital in b2b e-commerce systems. structure of the localized model in this paper is based on three major layers of a b2b e-commerce infrastructure, which are messaging layer, busi...

We argue that on electronic markets, limit and market orders should have equal effective costs on average. This symmetry implies a linear relation between the bid-ask spread and the average impact of market orders. Our empirical observations on different markets are consistent with this hypothesis. We then use this relation to justify a simple, and hitherto unnoticed, proportionality relation b...

In this paper we extend the generic trust model that was introduced in Tan and Thoen. The model of Tan and Thoen addresses in a generic way the issues related to how to build trust for conducting a first trade transaction in electronic commerce (i.e. a trade transaction in an electronic environment between two possibly international parties who are new to each other or have not conducted trade ...

This paper introduces the concept of an electronic trade scenario as a potential solution to "open" electronic commerce -trade among parties that have no prior trading relationship. The basic idea is that these trade scenarios would be stored in a publicly accessible electronic l ibrary (perhaps a "global repository" maintained by an independent international organization), and downloaded loade...

Welcome to the 42nd issue of the World Bank Trade Research Electronic Newsletter, a periodic E-mail publication containing abstracts of recent trade working papers, publications and other works. Additional information on the Bank's Trade Research Team activities can be found on the recent redesigned World Bank Trade Research website (http://www.econ.worldbank.org/programs/trade). This provides ...