objectives: otoacoustic emissions (oaes) are sounds that originate in cochlea and are measured in external auditory canal and provide a simple, efficient and non-invasive objective indicator of healthy cochlear function. olivo cochlear bundle (ocb) or auditory efferent system is a neural feedback pathway which originated from brain stem and terminated in the inner ear and can be evaluated non-i...

Background and objective: The circle of Willis (COW) supports adequate blood supply to the brain. The cardiovascular system, in the current study, is modeled using an equivalent electronic system focusing on the COW.Method: In our previous study we used 42 compartments to model whole car- diovascular system. In the current study, nevertheless, we extended our model by using 63 compartments to m...

background and objective: the circle of willis (cow) supports adequate blood supply to the brain. the cardiovascular system, in the current study, is modeled using an equivalent electronic system focusing on the cow. method: in our previous study we used 42 compartments to model whole car- diovascular system. in the current study, nevertheless, we extended our model by using 63 compartments to ...

Objectives: Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) are sounds that originate in cochlea and are measured in external auditory canal and provide a simple, efficient and non-invasive objective indicator of healthy cochlear function. Olivo cochlear bundle (OCB) or auditory efferent system is a neural feedback pathway which originated from brain stem and terminated in the inner ear and can be evaluated non-i...

Human listeners are able to concentrate on listening to one voice amidst other conversations and background noise, but not all of the neural mechanisms for this process are understood. There is growing evidence in normal-hearing subjects that the medial olivocochlear (MOC) auditory efferent system is involved in the detection of signals in noise, such as speech sounds, by modulation of cochlear...

The α9α10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) mediates efferent inhibition of hair cell function within the auditory sensory organ. Gating of the nAChRs leads to activation of calcium-dependent potassium channels to hyperpolarize the hair cell. In efferent system, main calcium providers to SK channel are nAChR and synaptic cistern, which contribution to efferent inhibition is different b...