fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (fol) is the causal agent of vascular wilt in tomato, an important plant disease in iran. four monogenic resistance genes in tomato are used for identification of races of fol and their corresponding avirulence genes avr1, avr2 and avr3 were identified in pathogen one of which, avr2, is f.sp. specific. hence they can serve as reliable markers for racial ide...

Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) of rice is considered to be a disease economic importance as the causes severe yield losses in all growing regions. Transcription activator like effector (TALE) molecules are produced by pathogen, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. (Xoo) bind binding element (EBE) promoter SWEET gene and activates transcription genes, making plant susceptible disease.  Innate resistance Xoo...

Abstract RNA-based gene control mechanisms pose an elegant and straightforward way to switch on, off, or fine-tune transgene expression without the need for expressing regulatory proteins. A small molecule effector binds directly a ligand-binding aptamer RNA structure thereby modulates of associated target gene. We established genetic switches based on regulation self-cleaving ribozymes polyade...

Tan spot disease, which is caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Ptr), one of the most significant wheat diseases in Kazakhstan, an important wheat-growing region Central Asia. In this study, we aimed to investigate race composition Ptr responsible for tan Kazakhstan through phenotypic and genotypic characterization. During 2019–2020, samples isolates were collected analysis six regions Repub...

Background and Aims: Shigellosis is an acute gastroenteritis and Invasion plasmid antigen C (IpaC) is the first effector protein for Shigella invasion of intestinal cells. Among lactic acid bacteria, Bifidobacterium lactis (B. lactis) has received increasing attention for protection of a potential host against gastrointestinal infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory ...

Background: Leishmania is a pathogenic parasite which infects mononuclear cells in vertebrate hosts. Different strategies have been taken to develop immunity against Leishmania . DCs loaded with immunogenic antigen have resulted in different levels of Th1-type immune response and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) activity. Objective: To evaluate the potency of DCs primed with soluble Leishmania mex...

Establishing durable disease resistance in agricultural crops, where much of the plant defense is provided through effector-R gene interactions, is complicated by the ability of pathogens to overcome R gene resistance by losing the corresponding effector gene. Many proposed methods to maintain disease resistance in the field depend on the idea that effector gene loss results in a fitness cost t...

Plant resistance proteins recognize cognate pathogen avirulence (also named effectors) to implement the innate immune responses called effector-triggered immunity. Previously, we reported that hopA1 from Pseudomonas syringae pv. strain 61 was identified as an avr gene for Arabidopsis thaliana. Using a forward genetic screen approach, cloned hopA1-specific TIR-NBS-LRR class disease gene, RESISTA...

Abstract Although the transcription factor (TF) T-bet is expressed by antigen-experienced human B cells, including extrafollicular IgD negCD27 negmemory-like DN2 cells and +effector memory (eBmem), it unknown whether expression influences development, maintenance, or function of Bmem cells. Using oligo-labeled recombinant influenza nucleoprotein (NP) tetramers paired single cell RNA V(D)J seque...