During Xenopus early development, gene expression is regulated mainly at the translational level by the length of the poly(A) tail of mRNAs. The Eg family and c-mos maternal mRNAs are deadenylated rapidly and translationally repressed after fertilization. Here, we characterize a short sequence element (EDEN) responsible for the rapid deadenylation of Eg5 mRNA. Determining the core EDEN sequence...

BACKGROUND INFORMATION mRNA deadenylation [shortening of the poly(A) tail] is often triggered by specific sequence elements present within mRNA 3' untranslated regions and generally causes rapid degradation of the mRNA. In vertebrates, many of these deadenylation elements are called AREs (AU-rich elements). The EDEN (embryo deadenylation element) sequence is a Xenopus class III ARE. EDEN acts b...

Let CA be a one-dimensional cellular automaton. A computational complexity problem, the Constrained Eden problem, denoted C-EDEN(CA), is introduced. C-EDEN(CA) is a finitary variant of the Garden of Eden problem. Even for certain elementary cellular automata, C-EDEN(CA) is NP-complete, providing the first examples of NP-complete problems associated with cellular automata over a twoelement alpha...

The early development of many animals relies on the posttranscriptional regulations of maternally stored mRNAs. In particular, the translation of maternal mRNAs is tightly controlled during oocyte maturation and early mitotic cycles in Xenopus. The Embryonic Deadenylation ElemeNt (EDEN) and its associated protein EDEN-BP are known to trigger deadenylation and translational silencing to several ...

In this paper, we present the design of Open EDEN, an implementation of the FTCORBA specification based on the use of a group communication framework, called EDEN. The design of Open EDEN was driven by the desire to use only portable techniques (mainly portable interceptors) to integrate the EDEN framework within a CORBA platform. We discuss the main difficulties we encountered and we draw some...

The parallel functional programming language Eden was specially designed to be implemented in a distributed setting. In a previous paper 3] we presented an operational speciication of DREAM, the distributed abstract machine for Eden. In this paper we go a step further and present the imperative code generated for Eden expressions and how this code interact with the distributed RunTime System (R...

This paper presents the design of OPEN EDEN, an implementation of the Fault Tolerant CORBA specification based on the use of a group communication system, called EDEN. The design of OPEN EDEN has been driven by the desire to use only portable techniques (mainly portable interceptors) to implement the interaction between the EDEN group communication system and CORBA. The EDEN system itself is bu...

The deadenylation of maternal mRNAs in the Xenopus embryo is a sequence-specific process. One cis element that targets maternal mRNAs for deadenylation after fertilization is the embryo deadenylation element (EDEN). This element, composed of U/R repeats, is specifically bound by a protein, EDEN-BP. In the present study we show that the rate at which an RNA containing an EDEN is deadenylated can...

Deadenylation is an intimate part of the post-transcriptional regulation of maternal mRNAs in embryos. EDEN-BP is so far the only known member of a complex regulating the deadenylation of maternal mRNA in Xenopus laevis embryos in a manner that is dependent on the 3'-untranslated region called EDEN (embryo deadenylation element). In this report, we show that calcium activation of cell-free extr...

EDEN (embryo deadenylation element)-dependent deadenylation is a regulatory process that was initially identified in Xenopus laevis early embryos and was subsequently shown to exist in Drosophila oocytes. Recent data showed that this regulatory process is required for somitic segmentation in Xenopus. Inactivation of EDEN-BP (EDEN-binding protein) causes severe segmentation defects, and the expr...