The assumption that local baroclinic instability dominates eddy–mean flow interactions is tested on a global scale using a dynamically consistent eddy-permitting state estimate. Interactions are divided into local and nonlocal. If all the energy released from themean flow through eddy–mean flow interaction is used to support eddy growth in the same region, or if all the energy released from edd...

The assumption that local baroclinic instability dominates eddy–mean flow interactions is tested on a global scale using a dynamically consistent eddy-permitting state estimate. Interactions are divided into local and nonlocal. If all the energy released from themean flow through eddy–mean flow interaction is used to support eddy growth in the same region, or if all the energy released from edd...

Synoptic eddy–mean flow interaction has been recognized as one of the key sources for extratropical lowfrequency variability. In this paper, the underlying dynamics of this interaction are examined from the perspective of a synoptic eddy-induced dynamic instability. To delineate this instability, a barotropic model is used that is linearized with respect to a stochastic basic flow prescribed wi...

Interaction between synoptic eddy and lowfrequency flow (SELF) has been the subject of many studies. In this study, we further examine the interaction by introducing a transformed eddy-potential-vorticity (TEPV) flux that is obtained from eddy-potential-vorticity flux through a quasi-geostrophic potential-vorticity inversion. The main advantage of using the TEPV flux is that it combines the eff...

Insight into the global ocean energy cycle and its relationship to climate variability can be gained by examining the temporal variability of eddy–mean flow interactions. A time-dependent version of the Lorenz energy diagram is formulated and applied to energetic ocean regions from a global, eddying state estimate. The total energy in each snapshot is partitioned into three components: energy i...

[1] In this study, scale interaction between synoptic eddies and low-frequency flow is investigated. The synoptic eddy feedback is a key process in sustaining the low-frequency flow. We show clear evidence using NCEP reanalysis data that there is a general underlying rule—the ‘‘left-hand rule’’, governing the synoptic eddy feedback onto low-frequency flow. This rule states that eddy-vorticity f...

A multi-year, multi-technique study was conducted to measure evapotranspiration and its components within an uneven-aged mixed deciduous forest in the Southeastern United States. Four different measurement techniques were used, including soil water budget (1 year), sap flow (2 years), eddy covariance (5 years), and catchment water budget (31 years). Annual estimates of evapotranspiration were s...

A diagnostic framework is presented, based on the Nakamura effective diffusivity, to investigate the regional variation in eddy diffusivity. Comparison of three different diffusivity calculations enables the effects of locally enhanced tracer diffusion to be distinguished from the streamwise average and the distinction between locally generated complexity in the tracer structure and between tha...