Nacrtak Earthwork usually represents the largest cost component in the construction of low-volume forest roads. Accurate estimates of earthwork volume are essential to forecast construction costs and improve the financial control of road construction operations. Traditionally, earthwork volumes are estimated using methods that consider ground data obtained from survey stations along road grade ...

An earthwork for land development projects, which possesses around 20% of the total project cost, consists mainly of simply repetitive tasks such as loading, hauling, dumping, and returning and depends largely on heavy construction machines. The goal of earthwork planning is to minimize the project cost and duration by determining soil allocation, equipment configuration, and haul route. Due to...

Due to the undulating terrain, earthwork estimation was very difficult in the planning and design of land consolidation projects in the hilly areas. A new approach was proposed to estimate the earthwork of sloped terraces according to map features of planning and design of land consolidation in this paper. It was achieved by applying digital elevation model (DEM) theory and statistical function...

In most of conventional methods for calculating earthwork, the assessment of accuracy contains many uncertainties. This paper discusses the relationship between the accuracy of terrain data and that of the earthwork calculation. The main research method is propagation of error, and a formula is created which expresses the quantity relationship that how the errors of terrain data effects the acc...

Existing linear scheduling methods for earthwork activities lack accurate scheduling locations in road construction projects. Project planners and construction managers largely depend on subjective decisions for the allocation of resources at correct locations. This has caused uncertainties in planning and scheduling, and consequently delays and cost overruns of projects. Accurate information o...

Selecting an optimal vertical alignment while satisfying safety and design constraints is an important task during road construction. The amount of earthwork operations depends on the design of the vertical alignment, so a good vertical alignment can have a profound impact on final construction costs. In this research, we improve the performance of a previous mixed-integer linear programming mo...

The chernozem has high productivity, most of which is located in Northeast of China. Considering the restrictions of land use and terrain and meteorological conditions, soil erosion and degradation often result in lower agricultural output than expected. Land consolidation is served to consolidate parcels and to enlarge holdings as well as included provisions such as irrigation, drainage infras...

There is considerable controversy over whether pre-Columbian (pre-A.D. 1492) Amazonia was largely "pristine" and sparsely populated by slash-and-burn agriculturists, or instead a densely populated, domesticated landscape, heavily altered by extensive deforestation and anthropogenic burning. The discovery of hundreds of large geometric earthworks beneath intact rainforest across southern Amazoni...