among the main factors of friendly commercial and political relations between safavid iran and india were reciprocal needs and policies of safavid kings concerning trade development. thus, various regions of iran, especially isfahan, had became a good market for indian goods. isfahan as a capital of safavid state was a centre of commercial activities of such indians as baniyans, multanians, and...

the mass production of silk and its importance as goods exportable and strategic caused its monopoly by the shah-abbas i (996-1038 a.h.) and then the recruitment of the armenians merchants in his monopoly. therefore, the question is what function had the three related factors (silk, monopoly politics and armenians) in safavids economy and politics. for a careful investigation, after a review of...

Origins of the Indian Traders The Indian trading class migrated to Natal from the 1870s onwards. They came mainly from the West Coast of India, an area renowned for its commercial importance. They were referred to as “passenger” Indians since they paid their own fare to Natal. Except for a small percentage who was Hindus, the majority were Muslims (then referred to as “Arabs by the colonial set...

To capture trader heterogeneity in a market microstructure setting, we model a trader’s option to trade as an optimal stopping problem. This option to trade is much like a firm’s option to invest in the real options literature. The optimal bid-ask prices quoted by any trader are functions of the joint evolution of their own private value and the private value of their intended trading counterpa...

Most e-commerce exchange systems today facilitate a single simple transaction. Systems allow the trade of an object or resource for exactly one other object or resource. The trade could also be for some quantity of one object or resource for another, but usually all of the objects traded are of a kind, for example, trading 10 iPods. The common type of exchange involves money for an object. Ther...

We develop a two period model of trade where an insider, a noise trader, a high frequency trader (HFT) and a market maker trade a divisible asset that has a common value in two parallel markets. The market makers set competitive prices in both markets. We analyze the e ects of the high frequency trader, who can gain from observing prices across markets, on market quality. Even though informed t...

the development of the persian poetry in the indian subcontinent is investigated in this paper. it is emphasized that the persian literature and language was developing in india along with the persian literature and language in iran. any transition of any nature occurring in iran left its impact on even remote lands, making the ground for khorasani, azarbayejani and araghi styles flourish in in...