in structural time seriesregression models, binary (classic) dummy variables are used to quantify the effects of economic structural breaks, changes or qualitative variables. the binary dummy variable can be challenged using this dummy variable in which 0 or 1 represent absence or presence of structural breaks(or changes), but presence of the structural breaks(or changes) may not have uniform e...

A method is given for obtaining equivalence subgroups of a family of differential equations from the equivalence group of simpler equations of a similar form, but in which the arbitrary functions specifying the family element depend on fewer variables. Examples of applications to classical equations are presented, some of which show how the method can actually be used for a much easier determin...

In two-person generosity games, the proposer’s agreement payoff is exogenously given, whereas that of the responder is endogenously determined by the proposer’s choice of the pie size. In three-person generosity games, equal agreement payoffs for two of the players are either exogenously excluded or imposed. We predict that the latter crowds out or at least weakens efficiency seeking. Our treat...

Classes of functions of several variables on arbitrary non-empty domains that are closed under permutation of variables and addition of dummy variables are characterized in terms of generalized constraints, and hereby Hellerstein’s Galois theory of functions and generalized constraints is extended to infinite domains. Furthermore, classes of operations on arbitrary non-empty domains that are cl...

In contemporary Chinese, there is a subclass of verbs called Dummy Verbs. After briefly introducing the lexical meanings of two typical dummy verb, ‘Jiayi’ and ‘Jinxing’, this paper discusses the grammatical attributes of ‘Jiayi’ and ‘Jinxing’ in detail and further explores their functions as markers of syntactic constituents and semantic roles.

A vertex that is ready may be fired by sending one chip along each edge, and two chips along each loop. We can visualize the firing two chips through a loop by imagining one chip sent on either connection of the loop to the vertex, so that the two chips pass each other within the loop. The game begins by specifying an initial configuration c0 and repeatedly firing vertices that are ready. The g...

We provide new, concise characterizations of the Banzhaf value on a …xed player set employing just the standard dummy player property and one of the collusion properties suggested by Haller (1994) and Malawski (2002). Within these characterizations, any of the collusion properties can be replaced by additivity and the quarrel property due to the latter author. Journal of Economic Literature Cla...