the purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to examine the effect of the Z-track intramuscular injection technique on severity of pain,bruises and drug leakage at the injection site.the subjects of the study were 60 adult medical-surgical patients at Kerman university of medical sciences hospitals.subjects served as their own controls by receiving both z-track and standard  intramuscular i...

Many procedures involved in the preparation and administration of hazardous drugs put health care workers at risk of exposure to these agents through leakage or accidental spills. The first objective of this study was to determine if the conventional needle/syringe technique has the potential to allow drugs to escape into the environment. The second objective was to evaluate if a closed system,...

We studied the toxic effects of amphotericin B and gramicidin S, alone and in combination, using free and liposome-encapsulated drugs. In vitro toxic effects of the drugs on human erythrocytes and Candida albicans were determined by measuring leakage of intracellular potassium ions (K+). Liposomal formulations of both drugs greatly reduced K+ leakage from human erythrocytes, whereas liposomal g...

PURPOSE Bucillamine is an antirheumatic drug with antiangiogenic properties that is currently used in clinical practice. Because bucillamine inhibits the production of VEGF, it is possible that this drug may inhibit choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Thus, the effect of bucillamine on the eyes of rats with experimental CNV was investigated in vivo by subconjunctival injection or oral intake. ...

MUC-1 aptamer-amphiphiles were used to functionalize DPPC liposomes to create nanoparticles. Various properties of the targeted liposomes drug delivery vehicles were examined including their drug-to-lipid ratio (DL), targeted ligand insertion efficiency (IE), and stability. The ratio of lipid and MUC-1 aptamer-amphiphile in the liposomes was varied to determine this ratio’s influence on liposom...

Precise control of drug release rate in hydrogel drug delivery systems to better mimic physiological condition is a challenging research topic in development of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems. One of the major issues with bioresponsive drug delivery systems is the excessive 'leakage' of drug while the system is in the 'off' state, which leads to shortening of the device life-time and potential ...

Purpose We establish and characterize the chronic retinal neovascularization (RNV) induced by intravitreal (IVT) injection of DL-α-aminoadipic acid (AAA) in a rabbit model and investigate the extent and duration of inhibitory actions induced by IVT aflibercept on the RNV. Methods Rabbits received a single IVT injection of AAA, with weekly follow-up fundus photography, fluorescein angiography ...

BACKGROUND Research evidence is insufficient to change physicians' behaviour. In 1996, Pathman developed a four step model: that physicians need to be aware of, agree with, adopt, and adhere to guidelines. OBJECTIVE To review evidence in different settings on the patterns of 'leakage' in the utilisation of clinical guidelines using Pathman's awareness-to-adherence model. METHODS A systemati...

Bioluminescent assays of fungal ATP in cultures of Candida albicans exposed to tioconazole and ketoconazole demonstrated that intracellular ATP levels were directly related to cell viability. At high concentrations of drug, a fungicidal effect was indicated by a very rapid and heavy leakage of ATP and a simultaneous, dramatic decrease in intracellular ATP. This leakage was due to direct membran...