background : the most frequent use of diatoms in forensic science is the diagnosis of death due to drowning. the basic principle of diatom test in drowning is based on the inference that diatoms are present in medium where drowning took place and the inhaled water enters the alveolar spaces of lungs and penetrates from the alveoli into the blood circulation, thus microscopic unicellular algae c...

Introduction: In Iran, few studies have been carried out on the frequency of drowning cases in the country's southern and northern coasts. The aim of this study is to evaluate the frequency of drowning cases in the provinces with northern and southern coastal margins from 2011 to 2014 and to examine the risk factors related to drowning mortality. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study ...

BACKGROUND The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) external codes (E codes) for drowning assist in determining the primary event leading to drowning, but do not alone allow the precise determination of the overall drowning rates. AIMS To analyze the sensitivity of the ICD E codes for drowning. To describe the pattern and trend of drowning deaths that are classified with E codes oth...

BACKGROUND Drowning is a heavy burden on the health systems of many countries, including Pakistan. To date, no effective large-scale surveillance has been in place to estimate rates of drowning and near-drowning in Pakistan. The Pakistan National Emergency Department Surveillance (Pak-NEDS) study aimed to fill this gap. METHODS Patients who presented with a complaint of "near-drowning" were a...

OBJECTIVES Fatal drowning estimates using a single underlying cause of death (UCoD) may under-represent the number of drowning deaths. This study explores how data vary by International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 coding combinations and the use of multiple underlying causes of death using a national register of drowning deaths. DESIGN An analysis of ICD-10 external cause codes of uni...

All nations would benefit from a simple, clear Drowning Chain of Survival. In high income nations this tool will refine prevention and the call for action. In low and middle income nations this tool is a guide for policy making, resource allocation and priority setting in drowning prevention. A best evidence approach was utilized to create a universal Drowning Chain of Survival. Education on ho...

Drowning is the second leading cause of unintentional injury deaths worldwide after road traffic injury deaths, claiming approximately 450,000 lives every year. Overall male drowning rates in the Newly Independent States and Russian Federation are dramatically higher than the rates in Western European countries; the highest male drowning rate in WHO Euro region, drowning rate in Belarus, is 50 ...

1. List preventive efforts that may decrease drowning rates in the pediatric population. 2. Name the physiologic consequences of hypoxic-ischemic injury in drowning victims. 3. Explain the importance of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation for pediatric drowning victims. 4. Discuss the appropriate interventions for each stage of drowning-associated cardiac arrest. 5. Specify which pediatric ...