introduction: dopamine plays an important role in the central nervous system for modulating food intake. dopamine receptors are distributed within the hypothalamus, and expression of d1 receptors is significant in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (pvn). therefore, the aim of this study was to find if pvn-microinjected skf38393, d1 receptor agonist, may modulate food intake. methods: guide c...

introduction: long-term levodopa treatment of parkinson’s disease (pd) is frequently complicated by spontaneously occurring involuntary muscle movements called dyskinesia. the exact pathological mechanism of this complication has not yet been elucidated. we have previously demonstrated that in pd patients the vulnerability to develop peripheral but not orofacial dyskinesia is associated with th...

Introduction: Antidepressants can modulate brain monoamines by acting on pre-synaptic and postsynaptic receptors. Autoreceptors can reduce the monoamines effect on the somatodendritic or pre-synaptic regions despite its postsynaptic counter effects. The direct effect of some antidepressants is related to its temporal and spatial bioavailability in the vicinity of these receptors (still a matter...

BACKGROUND: Brain monoamines (such as histamine and dopamine) play an important role in emotions, cognition, reward and feeding behavior. The interactions between histamine and dopamine were studied in many physiological functions but this correlation is unclear in feeding behavior of chickens. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction of central histaminergic and dopaminergic sy...

Synthetic cannabinoids (SC) are a heterogeneous group of substances with a high affinity for cannabinoid receptors. Unlike Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), synthetic cannabinoids are incredibly potent, highly productive, have more affinity for the Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), and Cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2), and are designed to accelerate the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol. Also, the...

background: high levels of histamine and dopamine are found in the hippocampus. furthermore, interaction between histamine and dopaminergic d2 receptors has been demonstrated in the modulation of some behaviors. in the present study, interaction between histamine and dopaminergic d2 receptor in the dorsal hippocampus in the anxiety behavior has been investigated. methods: in this experimental s...

In contrast to the conventional view of dopamine involvement in schizophrenia, which posits hyperactive dopaminergic transmission, we propose that for unknown developmental and/or biochemical reasons, a primary defect occurs in efficient, tight dopaminergic synaptic transmission, triggering feedback activation and receptor upregulation, and resulting in the well-characterized increase in dopami...

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia affecting older adults. also shares a significant association with Major Depressive Disorder. Glutamatergic excitotoxicity via NMDA receptors believed to be key mechanism underlying neurodegeneration in Disease. Blockade by antagonists like Memantine appears inhibit glutamatergic excitotoxicity. increases dopaminergic activation through ag...

Although a predominant scientifi c theory exists on how nicotine leads to dependence, further study is needed to explore the relationships between genetic, environmental, and social infl uences on dependence. This concluding chapter summarizes how tobacco genetics may affect basic and clinical research and provides summaries and recommendations for each part of the monograph and cross-cutting r...