the numerical investigation of computing the rate of radiated solar-energy requires equations as a function of solar-time according to the radiation angle of the sun (β) in the latitude 37°n and the shape. this paper implements the lagrange interpolation to obtain the equations of normal diagram of elements based on data obtained from surveying. also the method of hann-window equation used to e...

Introduction: Planum Boreum, in the north polar region of Mars, forms a domical plateau largely dissected by depression systems of various dimensions (Fig.1). The largest and most deeply incised of these is Chasma Boreale, a unique canyon that divides Planum Boreum into a main lobe and a smaller lobe east of the chasma known as Gemina Lingula. Other widespread depression systems include undulat...

This study examines the features of traditional houses Laftan village in Farah Province, Western Afghanistan. The composition was found to be strongly related local climate, topography, and mosques as center community. All are one-story buildings constructed with pakhsa (pressed mud) wall domical vault roofs sun-dried bricks. plans, cooling systems, roof types depend on age houses.

Mathematical models have recently been used to cast doubt on the biotic origin of stromatolites. Here by contrast we propose a biotic model for stromatolite morphogenesis which considers the relationship between upward growth of a phototropic or phototactic biofilm (v) and mineral accretion normal to the surface (λ). These processes are sufficient to account for the growth and form of many anci...

This paper outlines our recent attempts to model the growth and form of microbialites from the perspective of the statistical physics of evolving surfaces. Microbialites arise from the environmental interactions of microbial communities (microbial mats). The mats evolve over time to form internally laminated organosedimentary structures (stromatolites). Modern day stromatolites exist in only a ...