Mortality is an inevitable consequence of livestock and poultry farming. With a large livestock and poultry population of 513 and 729 million [1] respectively in India, animals die due to different diseases, accidents and disasters. Mortalities are usually thrown out on the roads, farm lands and rivers [2], thus creating different types of menace and environmental hazards. Strategies for carcas...

Sludge production from wastewater treatment process is high, and the disposal of excess sludge will be forbidden in a near future, thus increased attention has been turned to look into potential technology for sludge reduction. The study attempts to review alternative sludge disposal methods, including anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion and landfills. In these sludge processes, excess sludg...