Letter of Credit is an international payment instrument whereby the issuing bank undertakes to pay the beneficiary, against presentation of certain stipulated documents, according to the conditions of the Letter of Credit. Discounting of LC for the short-term financing of the seller, due to the independent and irrevocable undertaking of the bank to make payment, is prevalent. Beneficiary gets t...

There is a long tradition in economics about the question of whether intergenerational discounting is fair or not. Ramsey (1928) was the first economist that criticized the discounting and mentioned that the just rate of discounting is zero.  In this paper it was tried to calculate the just rate of discounting for Iran with respect to Islamic thoughts. According to Islam, intergenerational just...

Background: A wide array of Socioeconomic Status (SES) indicators show differential effects for the members of diverse social groups. Researchers know a little about the ethnic variation and the effects of family income on delay discounting which is the predictor of risk behaviors. Objectives: This study examined the effect of family income and its differences on delayed gratification between ...

Abstract Discounting future costs and rewards is a common practice in accounting, game theory machine learning. In spite of this, existing logics for reasoning about strategies with cost resource constraints do not account discounting. The article proposes sound complete logical system budget-constrained strategic abilities that incorporates discounting into its semantics.

BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are associated with increased discounting of delayed rewards and reduced executive working memory (eWM) capacity. This association is amplified when comorbid with antisocial psychopathology (AP). Furthermore, recent studies suggest that reduced WM capacity is associated with disinhibited decisions reflected by increased impulsive decision making on the de...

there is a long tradition in economics about the question of whether intergenerational discounting is fair or not. ramsey (1928) was the first economist that criticized the discounting and mentioned that the just rate of discounting is zero.  in this paper it was tried to calculate the just rate of discounting for iran with respect to islamic thoughts. according to islam, intergenerational just...