infections Widad Al-Nakib, FRCPath, FIDSA; Sahar Essa, BSc, MSc, PhD; Haya Altawalah, BSc, MBBS, FRCPath; Abdullah Owayed; Mousa Khadadah; Nasser Behbehani; Microbiology Department Kuwait University, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait; Virology Unit, Ministry of Health, Mubarak Hospital, Kuwait; Paediatrics, Kuwait University, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait; Medicine, Kuwait University, Faculty of Medici...

for the first time in the history of logic, abd al razzaq al-jili (d. 570/1174), in the treatise al-lame fi al-shakl al-rabe, dealt with the modal syllogisms of the fourth figure. previous to him, dinha, the priest, and ibn salah al-hamadani had discussed the non-modal moods of the fourth figure. jili’s treatise deals only with simple modalities and ignores the complex ones. his pupil, fakhr al...

some logicians as avicenna, khaja nasir al-din tusi, and dabiran katebi believe that denotation (dilala) is dependent on volition (irada), and as long as there is no volition, there is no denotation. some others like qutb al-din razi completely reject this idea and maintain that denotation merely depends on “knowledge of designation” (al-ilm bi al-wad’). some of methodologicians of jurisprudenc...

muhammad ibn hamed isfahani more popularly known as imad ad-din al-isfahani was a persian historian, scholar, and rhetorician. he left a valuable anthology of arabic poetry to accompany his many historical works. and worked as a man of letters during the zengid and ayyubid period. he was born in isfahan in the year 1125, and studied at the nizamiyya school in baghdad. he graduated into the bure...