background protein-bound toxins such as indoxyl sulfate (is) are not efficiently removed by conventional hemodialysis (hd). objectives to improve the removal of is, we performed an in vitro study to evaluate the effects of high dissolved hydrogen on the dissociation of is from albumin using simulated hd. materials and methods wasted dialysate from peritoneal dialysis was concentrated a hundred ...

We describe a method to produce bicarbonate-based dialysates containing approximately 100 mg/dl ethanol by introducing the alcohol into one of the dialysate concentrate solutions geared for the production of bicarbonate-based dialysates.

BACKGROUND Low calcium dialysate with 1.25 mmol/l calcium concentration has been proposed to replace standard calcium dialysate in peritoneal dialysis patients taking calcium-containing phosphate binder to prevent hypercalcaemia. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate long term effects on mineral and bone metabolism by low versus standard calcium dialysate in peritoneal dialysis. METHOD Cli...

Cooled dialysate incites peripheral vasoconstriction and thus counter Intradialytic Hypotension (IDH). Currently, up to 70 percent of IDH patients rely on cooled ameliorate symptoms ranging from anxiety, restlessness, dizziness, muscle cramps, vomiting, nausea abdominal discomfort. Presently, there is a plethora research highlighting the effectiveness in ameliorating IDH. However, many these st...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The optimal dialysate calcium concentration to maintain normal mineralization and reduce risk of cardiovascular events in hemodialysis patients is debated. Guidelines suggest that dialysate Ca concentration should be lowered to avoid vascular calcification, but cardiac arrhythmias may be more likely to occur at lower dialysate Ca. Concurrent use of QT-prolonging medica...

BACKGROUND Cool dialysate is often recommended for prevention of intra-dialytic hypotensive episodes in maintenance hemodialysis (HD) patients. However, its effect on toxin removal is not studied. It is known that inter-compartmental resistance is the main barrier for toxin removal. Cool dialysate can potentially increase this resistance by vasoconstriction and thus impair the toxin removal. Th...

BACKGROUND Individuals with end-stage kidney disease appear to have stable pre-dialysis serum sodium concentrations over time, with lower values associating with increased mortality. Dialysate sodium concentrations have increased over many years in response to shorter treatments, but the relationship between serum sodium, dialysate sodium and outcomes in chronic hemodialysis patients has not ye...