objectives: chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus have negative effects on physical and mental health. depression is the most common psychological problems in this group of patients. the purpose of this study was to predict depression symptoms based on self-efficacy and social support. materials and methods: a total of 130 patients with diabetes recruited from several clinics in shiraz. th...

Much of what has been written about East Timor’s militias has focused on their relationship with the armed forces, and on the latter’s legal responsibility for the 1999 violence. This preoccupation with culpability, while important and understandable under the circumstances, has obscured the much deeper historical origins of the violence and the militias, and has diverted attention from the not...

Can rational choice modeling explain destructive behavior among the Taliban, Hamas and other radical religious militias? This paper proposes a club good framework which emphasizes the function of voluntary religious organizations as efficient providers of local public goods in the absence of government provision. The sacrifices these groups demand are economically efficient (as in Iannaccone (1...

Providing a unique comparison of the maritime militias People’s Republic China and Socialist Vietnam, this study analyses why these two countries were able to create sustain militias, and their importance hybrid warfare. By studying history, organisation, ideology economic support provided militias, it highlights similarities between countries’ systems, how has allowed fo...

Ethnic defection and pro-government militias are two recurring features of ethnic conflicts. There is a strong connection between these elements, with incumbents using to absorb defectors from rebel constituencies into their ranks. However, relatively little work has been carried out on this link. Most works exploring have treated defector militias, as the article refers them, result defection....

The Popular Mobilisation Units’ (PMU) rise in Iraq resulted from a de facto, post-2003 hybridization of security governance, opposed to an emergency measure combat Islamic State after 2014. Rather than cohesive sectarian movement, the PMU moniker granted government veneer array pre-existing or new militias, representing decentralized Shi’a Arab mobilisation prior 2014, symptomatic Iraq’s divisi...