in this study, tretinoin microemulsion has been formulated based on phase diagram studies by changing the amounts and proportions of inactive ingredients, such as surfactants, co-surfactants and oils. the effects of these variables have been determined on microemulsion formation, particle size of the dispersed phase and release profile of tretinoin from microemulsion through dialysis membrane. ...

hazardous chemicals may enter the body by inhalation, ingestion, injection or dermal absorption. these exposure routes constitute the overall exposure burden on the body. most occupational exposure studies have focused on measurement of the concentration of air-borne contaminants and other possible routes of exposure are often overlooked. several studies have already highlighted the importance ...

In the Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) for the Housatonic River, EPA has used an absorption factor of 14 percent to evaluate dermal exposure to PCBs. This dermal absorption factor is based on a study by Wester et al. (1993) of PCB absorption from the soil into the skin of Rhesus monkeys. As discussed below, that study used soil with a large particle size and very low organic carbon content,...

Geer et al. (2004) provided an interesting comparison between passive dosimetry measures and biomonitoring for chlorpyrifos (CP) exposure in pesticide workers. However, they made a questionable assumption of a 3% dermal absorption factor (DAF) for CP, stating: ‘[The] study by Nolan et al. (1984), supports the use of a 3% DAF, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) accepted value, whereas Kri...

This paper reviews the literature to determine the importance of the dermal route of exposure for swimmers and bathers using Great Lakes waters and summarizes the chemical water contaminants of concern in the Great Lakes along with relevant dermal absorption data. We detail in vivo and in vitro methods of quantifying the degree of dermal absorption and discuss a preference for infinite dose dat...

In Europe, hydroquinone is a forbidden cosmetic ingredient. It is, however, still abundantly used because of its effective skin-whitening properties. The question arises as to whether the quantities of hydroquinone used become systemically available and may cause damage to human health. Dermal absorption studies can provide this information. In the EU, dermal absorption has to be assessed in vi...

The rate and extent of dermal absorption are important in the analysis of risk from dermal exposure to toxic chemicals and for the development of topically applied drugs, barriers, insect repellents, and cosmetics. In vitro flow-through cells offer a convenient method for the study of dermal absorption that is relevant to the initial processes of dermal absorption. This study describes a physio...

PREFACE Under purchase order 43-57G3-3-C5374 from USDA/APHIS, SERA (1993) prepared a review and evaluation of methods used to estimate exposure to pesticides. The report, Special Issues Related to the Assessment of Pesticide Absorption, includes methods for estimating dermal absorption rates, the uptake of pesticides from contaminated vegetation, and worker exposure involving the application of...

Explanation.................................................................................................... 161 Evaluation for acceptable daily intake .......................................................... 161 Biochemical aspects ................................................................................ 162 Absorption, distribution and excretion ......................................