nowadays, combination of gps heights with orthometric heights, derived from precise leveling, is broadly used to obtain point-wise solutions of the geoid, which is called “gps/leveling geoid”. the “gps/leveling geoid” is commonly used to constrain the gravimetric geoid solutions in a least squares surface fitting process. in this paper, unlike the usual application, the “gps/leveling geoid” is ...

It is well known that the most accurate method to detect changes of height is the geodetic precise leveling method. Due to the high demand work and time needed for precise leveling alternative methods are studied to obtain high quality height information. Differential SAR interferometry techniques such as the Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) method are studied to detect millimeter leve...

the earth’s gravity field dedicated missions provide homogeneous and uniformly accurate information on the long wavelengths of the earth’s gravity field. many different global geopotential models have introduced by earth and space research centers during the last years. the geopotential models derived from the grace satellite measurements are compared with the other models at different frequenc...

Although leveling is a very precise technique for geodetic deformation monitoring, it is quite expensive and timeconsuming. InSAR is a relatively new technique for precise deformation monitoring and has some important advantages compared to leveling: the high spatial resolution of the data and the relatively low costs of the technique. In this article both techniques are considered for the esti...