Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) has been approved for treatment of refractory depression (or treatment-resistant deperssion) and bipolar disorder in Europe and Canada since 2001 and in United States since 2004 by the Food and Drug Administration. Several lines of evidence support an effective antidepressant effect with such treatment modality, outcomes being mainly evaluated with Hamilton Rating ...

objective: the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of treatment on reducing the additional psychiatric symptoms in a sample of recovered depressed patients. methods: a sample of 354 remitted depressed subjects recruited through community advertisement and clinical practices of psychiatrists and psychotherapists were randomly assigned to mindfulness based cognitive therapy (mbct), c...