If culture is seen as a framework of "should" and "should not", defensive culture isbased on issues, which are availablein the society. Issues that differ from one society to another and are influenced by the strategic culture of the countries. So, the present study aimed to answer the question that what are the most important components of a defensive culture in the framework of the strategic ...

This paper examines the culture of defensive medicine that has spread rapidly across the United States in response to an increase in malpractice lawsuits and staggering malpractice insurance premiums in certain high-risk medical and surgical specialties. Due to the presence of this culture, it is important to question whether tort reform (e.g. placing caps on jury awards) is necessary to curb r...

Defensive medicine takes place when doctors prescribe unnecessary tests, procedures or specialist visits (positive defensive medicine), or avoid high risk patients or procedures (negative defensive medicine). Doctors practice defensive medicine in order to reduce their exposure to medical malpractice litigation. This paper reports the results of two studies one national and one conducted at a r...

A former study with scenarios conducted in Hawaii has suggested that humans share with non-human mammals the same basic defensive strategies - risk assessment, freezing, defensive threat, defensive attack, and flight. The selection of the most adaptive strategy is strongly influenced by features of the threat stimulus - magnitude, escapability, distance, ambiguity, and availability of a hiding ...

This study has analyzed the culture and language of the American Dream in Blue Surge. It shows the effects of the formula of success and the competition presented by this dream; and, how it produces neurotic individuals trying to cope with the competitive society by means of neurotic strategies. This study has used Karen Horney’s theories and strategies. Horney says neurosis is engende...

Interviews with 1st-year university students selected as high or low in either self-handicapping or defensive pessimism identified (a) personal perspectives on the nature of self-handicapping and defensive pessimism, (b) the perceived reasons why they engage in these strategies and the perceived advantages that follow from them, and (c) the extent to which ego goals and task goals mark their ap...

If we wish to break the continual cycle of patching and replacing our core monoculture systems to defend against attacker evasion tactics, we must redesign the way systems are deployed so that the attacker can no longer glean the information about one system that allows attacking any other like system. Hence, a new poly-culture architecture that provides complete uniqueness for each distinct de...

The way in which a child protection agency responds to a child fatality always has a strong influence on subsequent practice. Very often, organizational responses and child death reviews are punitive and escalate an already anxious and defensive organizational culture. This paper outlines an alternative approach that not only helps staff to manage their emotional responses but also encourages a...