AIM Defined daily doses (DDD) are used to analyse drug utilisation. For frequently prescribed drug groups, we studied to what extent the DDD correspond to the average prescribed daily doses (PDD). METHODS We analysed all drugs prescribed for more than three months to insured of a large health insurance fund in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, one federal state in Germany. PDD for plain ACE inhibitors,...

Dowling-Degos disease (DDD) is an autosomal dominant genodermatosis characterized by reticular pigmented anomaly mainly affecting flexures. Though KRT5 has been identified to be the causal gene of DDD, the heterogeneity of this disease was displayed: for example, POFUT1 and POGLUT1 were recently identified and confirmed to be additional pathogenic genes of DDD. To identify other DDD causative g...

BACKGROUND The optimal pacing rate during cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the impact of changing basal pacing frequencies on autonomic nerve function, cardiopulmonary exercise capacity and self-perceived quality of life (QoL). METHODS Twelve CRT patients with non-ischemic heart failure (NYHA class II-III) were enrolled in a randomized, double-bli...

The alternative pathway of the complement cascade plays a role in the pathogenesis of dense deposit disease (DDD). Deficiency of complement factor H and mutations in CFH associate with the development of DDD, but it is unknown whether allelic variants in other complement genes also associate with this disease. We studied patients with DDD and identified previously unreported sequence alteration...

We have previously demonstrated the role of univentricular pacing modalities in influencing coronary conduit flow in the immediate post-operative period in the cardiac surgery patient. We wanted to determine the mechanism of this improved coronary conduit and, in addition, to explore the possible benefits with biventricular pacing. Sixteen patients undergoing first time elective coronary artery...

A new data structure called DDD Data Decision Diagram for the fully symbolic model checking of real time software systems is proposed DDD is a BDD like data structure for the encoding of regions Unlike DBM which records di erences between pairs of clock readings DDD only uses one auxiliary binary variable for each clock Thus the number of variables used in DDD is always linear to the number of ...

A new data-structure called DDD (Data-Decision Diagram) for the fully symbolic model-checking of real-time software systems is proposed. DDD is a BDD-like data-structure for the encoding of regions 2]. Unlike DBM which records diierences between pairs of clock readings, DDD only uses one auxiliary binary variable for each clock. Thus the number of variables used in DDD is always linear to the n...

The mechanisms of action of o,p'-DDD on adrenal steroidogenesis were investigated in vitro in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Acute exposures to o,p'-DDD inhibited ACTH-stimulated cortisol secretion while cell viability decreased significantly only at the highest concentration tested (200 microM o,p'-DDD). Stimulation of cortisol secretion with a cAMP analogue (dibutyryl-cAMP) was inhibite...

OBJECTIVES The number of defined daily doses (DDD) per 100 patient days is often used as an indicator for the selection pressure exerted by antibiotics in the hospital setting. However, this unit of measurement does not fully describe the selection pressure and is sensitive to changes in hospital resource indicators. Additional information is required to facilitate interpretation of this indica...