one of the most main head in governments is to achieve the energy for their countries. as the fossil sources are at their ends and also they cause greenhouse emission and environment pollution, shifting to renewable sources of energy is an indispensable alternative for most countries. the sun is the most important renewable energy source. to assessment reachable solar radiation in mashhad from ...

abstract solar radiation, nowadays has a lot of application in different fields of agriculture, irrigation, and hydrology engineering and due to these various applications, different models has been proposed for it’s estimation. angstrom-prescott equation is one of the most important well known models for solar radiation estimation. this equation has empirically coefficient that various for eac...

In this work, hourly global radiation and extraterrestrial data for three locations in Ghana, namely Accra, Kumasi, Navrongo, were used to estimate the daily clearness, monthly mean clearness index, monthly-averaged index of study areas. It was observed that average Accra ranged from 0.4505 0.6975 Kumasi Navrongo varied 0.4553 0.6908 0.4529 0.6949, respectively. There no overcast sky year 2018 ...

The characteristic declination is the for day on which daily extraterrestrial irradiation a horizontal surface identical to its monthly average value. It was introduced as means determine values of irradiation. Herein, potential usefulness reduce computing time when mapping solar in complex urban areas explored. This simplification reduces demand by factor 30× while introducing +5% +8% error an...

The solar radiation in the form of electromagnetic waves emitted by the sun, travels the extraterrestrial space without any essential interaction with matter, and reaches the earth’s atmosphere. Therein, the beam solar radiation undergoes physic-chemical processes and experiences scattering by (macro) molecules, dust, or other tiny particles in the air. This process creates the solar radiation ...

Broken cloud fields create mosaic radiative landscapes with interchanging cloud-shaded and sunlit areas. While clouds attenuate solar radiation incident on cloud-shaded areas, sunlit ground surfaces may actually receive more irradiance than under a clear sky due to light scattering and reflection from neighboring clouds. In this paper, we studied these two opposite but closely related aspects o...

This survey is a summary of available information on radiation environments at radio frequencies (about 10 m to 1 cm wavelength); the Moon, the Planets, and space beyond the solar system are described. The topics presented are refraction and absorption of extraterrestrial radio waves by the Earth's atmosphere, radio and radar observations of the Mo^n and Planets, radio emission from the celesti...