While plants are invariably attacked by numerous insects and pathogens, the consequences of multiple enemies for plant performance are poorly understood. In particular, a predictive framework is lacking for when to expect enemies to have independent versus non-independent effects on their host plant. This is problematic for weed biological control programmes where multiple enemies are frequentl...

Following the Winner’s Curse and the Optimizer’s Curse, this paper introduces the Satisficer’s Curse. The Winner’s Curse requires competition between agents in an auction for, usually, a common-value item; the recently named Optimizer’s Curse is a systematic overvaluation when the decision maker is choosing the highest valued prospect of a set of uncertain future outcomes. The Satisficer’s Curs...

Plants are not capable of running away from their enemies, i.e., the herbivores that may eat them. However, under certain circumstances, plants can rely on the natural enemies of insect herbivores for protection. These natural enemies include other insects that are predators and parasitoids. To help protect plants from damage caused by insect herbivores, practical methods have been developed an...

ghadir is one of the main sources of inspiration for poets and writers in the history and many poets and poems written bits in this field have accused. each expresses his devotion to the holy shrine of imam ali. arabic poetry is not an exception. threads of ghadir  are, so vast that  it is not restricted to specific discussion or particular poet.given the great importance of the topic chosen an...

Frederick R. Adler* and Helene C. Muller-Landau Department of Mathematics and Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 100 Ecology Building, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108, USA *Correspondence: E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The Janzen–Connell hypothesis states that local s...