The present study attempts to analyze Iraq war against Iran based on Parsons' subsystems. The main question aims at finding the social positive/negative functions of the war. According to the studies, the first effect of the war was damaging behavioral organism subsystem so that it couldn't realize its functions. Subsequently, the chaos spread to the personality subsystem. Except for the qualit...

In reliability-based and cost-oriented product optimization, the target product reliability is apportioned to subsystems or components to achieve the maximum reliability and minimum cost. Main challenges to conducting such optimization design lie in how to simultaneously consider subsystem division, uncertain evaluation provided by experts for essential factors, and dynamic propagation of produ...

Renowned British archaeologist Colin Renfrew, in his seminal work The Emergence of Civilization: The Cyclades and the Aegean in the Third Millennium B.C., provides a theory for the development of complex cultures, which he calls the multiplier effect. According to Renfrew, innovations in one aspect, or subsystem, of culture, such as craft production, enhances and affects, through positive feedb...

In this paper we study the steady state availability of main k-out-of-n: F and secondary subsystems having general repair time distribution. When more than k units of main subsystem fail, then the main subsystem shuts off the secondary subsystem. The life time distributions of the main units and that of secondary subsystem are exponentially distributed. A repair facility having single repairman...