the present study is an attempt to find out cultural exophoric references in four common english textbooks, namely touch stone, american file, top notch, and total english series used at iranian english language institutes and to compare the frequency of occurrence of such references in these coursebooks. in order to compare cultural exophoric references used in these coursebooks, the researche...

The present study is an attempt to find out cultural exophoric references in four common English textbooks, namely Touch Stone, American File, Top Notch, and Total English series used at Iranian English language institutes and to compare the frequency of occurrence of such references in these coursebooks. In order to compare cultural exophoric references used in these coursebooks, the researche...

AIMS To determine the influence of single-vision lenses (SVLs) and progressive addition lenses (PALs) on the near vision posture of myopic children based on their near phoria. METHODS Sixty-two myopic children were assigned to wear SVLs followed by PALs. Eighteen children were esophoric (greater than +1), 18 were orthophoric (-1 to 1) and 26 were exophoric (less than -1) at near. Reading dist...

Received wisdom in Primary science classroom teaching advocates the use of open questions for elicitation. The sociocultural perspective on discourse, however, leads one to question the usual classification of questioning by its grammatical formality and leads instead to an analysis of the discourse in the socio-cultural context which includes the background of the children. In this paper we de...

We present a method for resolving definite exophoric reference to visually shared objects that is based on a) an automatically learned, simple mapping of words to visual features (“visual word semantics”), b) an automatically learned, semantically-motivated utterance segmentation (“visual grammar”), and c) a procedure that, given an utterance, uses b) to combine a) to yield a resolution. We eva...

Dialogues between humans and robots are necessarily situated. Exophoric references to objects in the shared visual context are very frequent in situated dialogues, for example when a human is verbally guiding a tele-operated mobile robot. We present an approach to automatically resolving exophoric referring expressions in a situated dialogue based on the visual salience of possible referents. W...

This paper posits a distinction between plain definite DPs and indexed DPs: only the latter have syntactically represented referential index, an idxP, in [Spec, DP]. After sketching theory of idx as cross-categorial feature pro-forms, argues that anaphoric definites, complex demonstratives (e.g. linguist), pronominal definites we linguists) idxP specifiers The second part presents case study fr...

In this paper we do two things: a) we discuss in general terms the task of incremental reference resolution (IRR), in particular resolution of exophoric reference, and specify metrics for measuring the performance of dialogue system components tackling this task, and b) we present a simple Bayesian filtering model of IRR that performs reasonably well just using words directly (no structure info...