Background:  Cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) molecules are expressed on T-cells and inhibit their function by inhibiting activation of subsequent T-cell molecular pathways. Blocking of CTLA-4 inhibits the growth of malignant tumor cells. Anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies activate the immune system against cancer. Due to several advantages of single-chain antibodi...

Background: Unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA) has been suggested being associated with the failure of fetal-maternal immunologic tolerance in which the regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) play a crucial role. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is expressed transiently on activated T cells and constitutively on Tregs. CTLA-4 interacts with the B7 cell surface molec...

multiple sclerosis (ms), a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system is believed to have a t cell-mediated autoimmune etiology. the cytotoxic t lymphocyte antigen 4 (ctla-4) gene is a strong candidate for the involvement in autoimmune diseases. to examine the genetic association of the ctla-4 gene locus with ms, in a case-control design, we analyzed (-318 c/t) sin...

CTLA-4 is one of the most important negative regulators of the T cell immune response. However, the subcellular distribution of CTLA-4 is unusual for a receptor that interacts with cell surface transmembrane ligands in that CTLA-4 is rapidly internalized from the plasma membrane. It has been proposed that T cell activation can lead to stabilization of CTLA-4 expression at the cell surface. Here...

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated molecule-4 (CTLA-4) is a cell surface receptor expressed on activated T cells that can inhibit T cell responses induced by activation of the TCR and CD28. Studies with phosphorylated peptides based on the CTLA-4 intracellular domain have suggested that tyrosine phosphorylation of CTLA-4 may regulate its interactions with cytoplasmic proteins that could determin...

introduction : cytotoxic t-cell lymphocyte antigen 4 (ctla-4) is a member of the superfamily of immunoglobulins that are mainly expressed by activated t cells. it is established that blockade of ctla-4 receptors leads to the enhancement of an immune response. different polymorphisms of the ctla-4 gene have been described which cause increased susceptibility to various malignancies such as lymph...