Despite their presence in the popular imagination and their undoubted importance in the narrative of medieval history, the Crusades have for a long time sat apart from mainstream medieval historiography. Traditionally, the Crusades themselves are as peripheral in the minds of historians of Europe as they were geographically. As a result, they are either treated separately or consigned to a curs...

Abstract What is striking in the twenty years since 9/11 not only renewed attention to religion Western public sphere but forms this has taken. Suspicion towards Islam intensified. Narratives which West and are conflicting clashing entities have become entrenched. In Europe, anti-Muslim rhetoric reached fever-pitch far-right movements. gone largely unnoticed, however, Bible-use that can be foun...