some applications are critical and must designed fault tolerant system. usually voting algorithm is one of the principle elements of a fault tolerant system. two kinds of voting algorithm are used in most applications, they are majority voting algorithm and weighted average algorithm these algorithms have some problems. majority confronts with the problem of threshold limits and voter of weight...

information systems (is) and the process of distinguishing information systems ontology have been the center of challenge during the 50 years of is development. the importance of this challenge is emergent in direct link between knowledge development process in is and the is ontology. in other words, theorizing and efforts to falsify theories, which have been developed, is influenced by the way...

Background: It is difficult to provide health care services to all those in need of such services due to limited resources and unlimited demands. Thus, priority setting and rationing have to be applied. This study aimed at critically examining the concept of rationing in health sector and identifying its purposes, influencing factors, mechanisms, and outcomes.     Methods: The c...

Within the systems movement, several strands and different sub-movements have developed in the last two or three decades. One of them is the “critical systems approach” which opposes certain assumptions and methodological and practical implications of the so-called hard and soft systems approaches. The most essential characteristics of the approach are its critical standpoint against exclusion ...

The object of this interpretive inquiry is the residential aged care Standards structure and the Standards quality accreditation (assessment/ auditing) processes. The author’s concern is whether or not the application of contemporary systems thinking principles could improve the current Standards and accreditation processes. Contemporary systems thinking is a variant of systems theory and criti...