Offices and retail spaces are among the most energy-intensive building typologies. Designing office buildings without proper consideration of their form, orientation, envelope, and other variables can lead to a considerable increase in energy usage. This research investigates how integrated usage of an atrium and courtyard can improve a building’s energy performance. Thermal performance of both...

The courtyard plan provides the basis for a traditional house type that is deeply associated with the Korean way of life. The first part of this paper discusses concepts and characteristics intrinsic to traditional Korean house plans and introduces various examples of courtyard house layouts. Thereafter, it selects several examples of modern Korean dwellings and compares them from the point of ...

the process regarding the formation of different mosque gardens and the elements that contribute to the respective process is the from the foci point of this paper. the significance of the topic lies in the fact that certain scholars have associated the courtyard in mosques with the concept of garden, and have not taken into account the elements that contribute to the development of various typ...

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Traditionally, people in the Mediterranean region knew that the temperatures in their courtyards were cooler in summer than outside temperature. This paper provides a quantitative study on the usefulness of Mediterranean courtyards as passive energy saving systems. This work is based on the creation of a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) numerical model developed using the open source Freefem+...

In rural settlements of the floodplains in Bangladesh, an intrinsic element is the homestead. The homestead layout is defined by the courtyard, formed by the arrangement of dwelling units and ancillary buildings around a rectangular open space. The courtyard has important physical and functional characteristics derived from local climatic requirements and living patterns. However, particularly ...

Alcohol is frequently involved in psychological trauma and often used by individuals to reduce fear and anxiety. We examined the effects of alcohol on fear acquisition and extinction within a virtual environment. Healthy volunteers were administered alcohol (0.4g/kg) or placebo and underwent acquisition and extinction from different viewpoints of a virtual courtyard, in which the conditioned st...

We describe a system that uses laser rangefinders to track the positions of people in typical environments and then builds predictive models of the observed movement patterns and interactions between persons. We represent all human activity as detected by the laser rangefinder system as a probability distribution over the space of possible displacements. The assumption is that different activit...