introduction: anti-counterfeiting trade agreement (acta) is a plurilateral agreement among industrialized countries including usa. top industrialized countries and in particular usa always tried to have complete control over world trade organization (wto). although they had many success for their purpose, they are not convinced about the wto functions and they can not tolerate critiques of thei...

the constant increase of counterfeiting and piracy and the negative impact on trade, public health and safety in both developing and developed economies make the combat against this phenomenon a formidable challenge for all wto members. the trips agreement contains a comprehensive chapter on enforcement in part iii and special requirements related to border measures detailed in section 4, thus ...

A simple matching-model of money with the potential for counterfeiting is constructed. In contrast to the existing literature, counterfeiting, if it occurred, would be accompanied by two distortions: costly production of counterfeits and harmful effects on trade. However, application of the Cho-Kreps refinement is shown to imply that there is no equilibrium with counterfeiting. If the cost of p...

Product counterfeiting is a well-known problem, one that has been with us for a very long time. Trademarks go back to ancient times and where there are trademarks counterfeiting soon follows. Recently more attention is being paid to fi ghting the problem. It would seem the fi rst logical step would be to determine the size of the counterfeit market. But estimating the extent of this illicit tra...

Every year, the United States was estimated to have suffered from billions of dollars of trade losses due to piracy and counterfeiting in China. While the Chinese undeniably have taken a free ride on the creative efforts of Western authors and inventors, greed alone does not explain the massive piracy and counterfeiting problems in the country. Instead, one needs to develop a better understandi...

trips agreement (trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights) is one of the binding agreements of world trade organization, upon the cases originate from that agreement also heared at dispute settlement understanding. one different character of trips agreement is expressing minimum standards. the diverse explanation of its articles may lead to some controversy between members of world...

We evaluate seven techniques for extracting unique signatures from NAND flash devices based on observable effects of process variation. Four of the techniques yield usable signatures that represent different trade-offs between speed, robustness, randomness, and wear imposed on the flash device. We describe how to use the signatures to prevent counterfeiting and uniquely identify and/or authenti...