summary writing is associated with lots of cognitive and metacognitive complexities that necessitates instruction (hirvela & du, 2013). contrary to majority of studies carried out on summarization instruction, the present study addressed the underlying processes or microgenetic developments of the iranian efl learners’ summary writing. to this end, 41 male and female undergraduate students ...

Children are exceptional, even 'super,' imitators but comparatively poor independent problem-solvers or innovators. Yet, imitation and innovation are both necessary components of cumulative cultural evolution. Here, we explored the relationship between imitation and innovation by assessing children's ability to generate a solution to a novel problem by imitating two different action sequences d...

Such WH-less WH-Questions (let us call them WLWQs) are very often used as questions in written tests or uttered by quizmasters in quizzes, though not often in daily conversations. 2 I assume that, despite their restriction in the range of registers, WLWQs are also constrained by the knowledge of human language. To my knowledge, there has been no previous research on WLWQs in the field. This pap...

Element constructor is one of most expensive operations of the XQuery language as it requires deep copy of the nodes which make up the content of the constructed element. In this paper we propose various optimization and implementation techniques to avoid copying of the nodes during constructor evaluation. The proposed techniques are based on using special kind of XQuery constructors with modif...