In classes developed using design-by-contract, contracts contain assertions that formalise preconditions, postconditions and invariants. To be sure that contracts are complete, they can be derived from specifications. For classes in a data structures library, equational specifications are appropriate. However, a conventional equational specification cannot usually be mapped directly to contract...

Smart contracts are programs that execute in blockchains such as Ethereum to manipulate digital assets. Since bugs smart may lead substantial financial losses, there is considerable interest formally proving their correctness. However, the specification and verification of faces challenges rarely arise other application domains. frequently interact with unverified, potentially adversarial outsi...

The paper touches upon the issues of functional specification and verification of digital hardware at different abstraction levels. It shows how behavioral models of various degrees of abstraction can be represented by means of the contract paradigm and how contract specifications can be applied to generate test sequences in an automated way. The testing technique under consideration is based o...

We present a tool for composition of component specifications. The tool uses UML diagrams to model the composition. A fixed component specification is a contract between some roles communicating via interfaces. A contract has a specific underlying model that we present. Composition of contracts is a contract that extends contracts of composites, but does not change them. To guarantee this featu...

In this paper we introduce a novel approach to formal specification of pipelined designs. The approach is based on contract specifications of pipe stages extended by a mechanism of temporal binding. Contract specifications describe the pipeline behavior in the form of preconditions and postconditions of pipe stages, while temporal binding combines specifications of separated stages into a co-op...

the aim of this study is to explore the feasibility of setting up a commodities futures market in iran. specifications for the margin requirements, daily price movement limits, the length of expiration intervals, tick sizes and contract size of various potential future contracts are hereby examined. saffron, pistachio and rice emerge as the three suitable iranian agricultural commodities. a new...

We continue the study, started in [5], on the formal relationships between a domain specific contract language (BCL) and the logic of violation (FCL) proposed in [6, 7]. We discuss the use of logical methods for the representation and analysis of business contracts. The proposed analysis is based on the notions of normal and canonical forms of contracts expressed in FCL. Finally we present a ma...

In this paper, we present an approach to the object-oriented software development which is based on: i) automatic generation of a throwaway prototype from the initial specification in a formal, declarative, object-oriented specification language, ii) validation of user requirements and refinement of the specification by using this prototype, and iii) automatic translation from the validated spe...