robust information of genetic diversity among bt cotton genotypes is still lacking and availability of several marker systems has prompted us to compare their utility for the detection of genetic diversity. here, we report the comparative efficiency of morphological and molecular markers (est-ssrs and issrs) in determining the genetic diversity among 30 pakistani bt cotton genotypes. three diff...

Assigning a satisfactory truly concurrent semantics to Petri nets with confusion and distributed decisions is a long standing problem, especially if one wants to fully replace nondeterminism with probability distributions and no stochastic structure is desired/allowed. Here we propose a general solution based on a recursive, static decomposition of (finite, occurrence) nets in loci of decision,...

For speech recognition system, there are three kinds of result representations as one-best, N-best and Lattice. Since lattice has multi-path which can reduce the effect of recognition error rate, it is widely applied nowadays. In fact, there are amount of redundancies in lattice, which leads to the increasing of complexity of latter algorithm based on it. Additionally, for the decoding algorith...

In this paper, we will look at three probability problems that have caused widespread disagreement and much confusion. We will look at some false solutions to these problems, the reasons why they are incorrect, and the correct solutions. We will also find a common pattern in the three problems which probably accounts for these false solutions.

Source confusion has been a long-standing problem in the astronomical history. In the previous formulation of the confusion problem, sources are assumed to be distributed homogeneously on the sky. This fundamental assumption is, however, not realistic in many applications. In this work, by making use of the point field theory, we derive general analytic formulae for the confusion problems with ...

This article shows by various examples how consumers of statistical information may be confused when this information is presented in terms of conditional probabilities. It also shows how this confusion helps others to lie with statistics, and it suggests both confusion and lies can be exposed by using alternative modes of conveying statistical information.

The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity (UNTB), proposed as an alternative to niche theory, has been viewed as a theory that species coexist without niche differences, without fitness differences, or with equal probability of success. Support is claimed when models lacking species differences predict highly aggregated metrics, such as species abundance distributions (SADs) or species area di...

In the study of perceptual organization, the Occamian simplicity principle (which promotes efficiency) and the Helmholtzian likelihood principle (which promotes veridicality) have been claimed to be equivalent. Proposed models of these principles may well yield similar outcomes (especially in everyday situations), but as argued here, claims that the principles are equivalent confused subjective...

The mathematical relationship between the expectedconfusion metric and the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is derived. Given a limited database of subjects and an identification technique that generates a feature vector per subject, expected confusion is used to predict how well the feature vector will filter identity in a larger population. Related is the area under ...