Why do brokers charge per share commissions to institutional traders? What determines the commission charge? The choice of per share commissions as a payment method is puzzling, as commissions are not the most natural way to charge for order execution because costs are not proportional to the trade size and commissions are supposed to deter trading. We contend that commissions, rather than repr...

President Obama has pledged to review all cases prosecuted through the Guantánamo Military Commissions established under President George N. Bush. Such commissions, however, may have limited independent psychiatric evaluations for Guantánamo defendants. This article explores the legal foundations for evaluating Guantánamo detainees, analyzes the decisions of commissions through discussions with...

We find direct evidence that institutions churn stocks, increase commissions per share and pay unusually high commissions on trades in order to send abnormally high commissions to lead underwriters of upcoming IPOs. These excess commission payments are a particularly effective way for transient investors to receive lucrative IPO allocations. Our results suggest that the underwriter’s concern fo...

Sentencing commissions, administrative agencies charged to develop and promulgate standards for sentencing, were first proposed early in the 1970s and first established in 1978. Of four recent major sentencing reform approaches-the others being parole guidelines, voluntary sentencing guidelines, and statutory determinate sentences-only sentencing commission systems continue to be created. Despi...

Despite their increased popularity in Latin America, Africa and Asia, truth commissions have remained an overlooked solution to coming to terms with the recent human rights abuses perpetrated in communist Europe. Since the start of the democratization process in the early 1990s, only Germany, the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, and Romania have employed truth commissions as meth...

Introduction: Truth Commissions and Memory Practice 2 Conflict, Recovery, and Social Forgetting in Sierra Leone 3 Studying Truth Commissions Ethnographically 5 “Revealing is Healing”? 6 Memory Practices and Sierra Leone’s TRC 7 Forgiving and Forgetting 8 Accountability vs. Reintegration 11 Recommendations 12 ABOUT THE REPORT As the international community reflects on the tragedy in Rwanda ten y...