as a significant number of post-colonial writers have reread colonial masterpieces, the main purpose of the researchers in this study is a detailed analysis of among the believers by v. s. naipaul in the light of orientalism.this article is indeed a response to the representation of the orient, islam, and the islamic middle east in the west, in general, and in naipaul’s travel writing, in parti...

Most postcolonial African writers choose English as the language of their literary works for the reason of wider audience reception but come to indigenize it to decolonize the colonial tool, i.e. colonial language. The translinguistic process of relexification means subverting colonial cultural imperialism and colonial linguistic imposition through the dialogic interaction opened in the w...

The paper attempts to understand ways in which gender and racially defined communal ideologies worked simultaneously to produce Muslim women in colonial Bengal as invisible within nationalist historiography. It argues that the negative representations of Muslim women underpinned the construction of other identity categories in colonial Bengal, and highlights the participation of Hindu/Brahmo wo...

Since the early 1970s indigenous people have provided a challenging and often confronting cultural and political critique of some of the long-held givens of archaeological research. Archaeologists engaged in research about Australia’s indigenous archaeological record, whether it is the distant past of the Pleistocene or the more immediate past of colonial conquest, have had to rethink some of t...

Colonial institutions in Africa were shaped by a variety of factors, including local conditions prior to colonial rule, the policies of the imperial power, and rapid economic change during and after the period of colonial conquest. This paper contributes to a growing literature on the origins and structure of colonial institutions. It examines a neglected but important part of colonial governme...

policies they did not anticipate, policies they may even abhor? This article explores the ways 19th-century Europeans who would never have considered themselves as policymakers or even policy wonks – writers, artists, missionaries, and ethnographers – influenced colonial ‘native policy’. The article focuses on the case of precolonial European representations of Polynesia (Samoa in particular), ...

colonized and the colonizers, especially in the third world country mvzv hay one of the most important writers of contemporary history that is often given a place in it. simin daneshvar, including writers who have explored this issue in his dastan hay. in this study the issue of colonialism and the island rman hay wandering, wandering camel driver and leaves of grass analytical methods have bee...

This paper compares economic outcomes across areas in India which were under direct British colonial rule with areas which were under indirect colonial rule. Controlling for selective annexation using a specific policy rule, I find that areas which experienced direct rule have significantly lower levels of access to schools, health centers and roads in the post-colonial period. I find evidence ...