folklore, in fact, is community (or collective) intellectual property. literal of folklore, in present , is unknown and , to some what, vaguable. this filed of law is pay attention to on behafe of wipo and unesco . two kinds of protection is established by legislators. firstly (mainly) protection, that promoting a sui generis system, and secondary (substitute) protectiofolklore, in fact, is com...

this study is trying to exploitations view point and permanent management problems of rangeland to evaluate in ranches damavand summer rangeland in amol county. statistical society are utilizations 15 ranch that with three methods, collective property, private property and council property from rangeland utilization and randomly from among their number 88 was selected. the research tool was a q...

Collective cell migration, the simultaneous movement of multiple cells that are connected by cell-cell adhesion, is ubiquitous in development, tissue repair, and tumor metastasis [1, 2]. It has been hypothesized that the directionality of cell movement during collective migration emerges as a collective property [3, 4]. Here we determine how movement directionality is established in collective ...

in this article, aimed at promoting iranian statutes and increasing their applicatory aspects and for providing more and more financial security of society, the legal rule of i‘rāḍ (avoidance, abandonment) is deliberated on, which is a rule that is not clearly and extensively discussed but is the basis of some rules in iranian civil law. this has caused some obscurities, and sometimes, hasty de...

a r t i c l e i n f o The decentralization of resource property rights has become an increasingly popular policy in many natural resource-dependent communities of the developing world. However, the success of this policy approach depends on both collective action and institutionalization. It is therefore important to evaluate collective action and insti-tutionalization where the process of prop...