This paper introduces an optical measurement system for shock wave characteristics. The system works by mountinga metal plate attached to spring mounts against the shock wavefront. This set is sealed and can plot the shock wave pressure diagram by measuring plate's displacement, radiation and changing the reflection of light during shock wave conflict, and converting these optical data to volta...

Most theoretical wave models require the power in the wave magnetic field in order to determine the effect of chorus waves on radiation belt electrons. However, researchers typically use the cold plasma dispersion relation to approximate the magnetic wave power when only electric field data are available. In this study, the validity of using the cold plasma dispersion relation in this context i...

No previous study exists in China examining the impact of extreme temperature on morbidity outcomes. In this study, we investigated the impact of heat waves and cold spells on hospital admission in Shanghai, China. Daily hospital admission data between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2008 were collected from the Shanghai Health Insurance Bureau. The heat wave was defined as a period of at leas...

Changes in the motor-evoked potential of the spinal cord with transcranial stimulation are monitored for spinal cord function during thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgeries. We examined the effects of changes in motor-evoked potential with cold saline injected into the clamped segment of the aorta, and compared the effects to lidocaine and warm saline injection. Eighteen dogs were divided in...

21 Waves in Cold Plasmas: Two-Fluid Formalism 1 21.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 21.2 Dielectric Tensor, Wave Equation, and General Dispersion Relation . . . . . 3 21.3 Two-Fluid Formalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 21.4 Wave Modes in an Unmagnetized Plasma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2...

21 Waves in Cold Plasmas: Two-Fluid Formalism 1 21.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 21.2 Dielectric Tensor, Wave Equation, and General Dispersion Relation . . . . . 3 21.3 Two-Fluid Formalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 21.4 Wave Modes in an Unmagnetized Plasma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2...

19 Waves in Cold Plasmas: Two-Fluid Formalism 1 19.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 19.2 Dielectric Tensor, Wave Equation, and General Dispersion Relation . . . . . 3 19.3 Wave Modes in an Unmagnetized Plasma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 19.3.1 Two-Fluid Formalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 19.3.2 ...

this study simulates the temperature field and temperature stress of concrete face slabs, considering the cold waves that occur during construction as well as the contact friction between the face slabs and the cushion layer. the results show that when a cold wave occurs during construction, the surface and center temperature of the face slabs continually drop with the outside air temperature, ...